Add Union-Find post

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@@ -5,15 +5,18 @@ draft: false # I don't care for draft mode, git has branches for that
 description: ""
 tags:
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+  - algorithms
   - c++
   - ci/cd
   - cli
+  - data structures
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content/posts/2024-06-24-union-find/index.md

@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+---
+title: "Union Find"
+date: 2024-06-24T21:07:49+01:00
+draft: false # I don't care for draft mode, git has branches for that
+description: "My favorite data structure"
+tags:
+  - algorithms
+  - data structures
+  - python
+categories:
+  - programming
+series:
+  - Cool algorithms
+favorite: false
+disable_feed: false
+---
+
+To kickoff the [series]({{< ref "/series/cool-algorithms/">}}) of posts about
+algorithms and data structures I find interesting, I will be talking about my
+favorite one: the [_Disjoint Set_][wiki]. Also known as the _Union-Find_ data
+structure, so named because of its two main operations: `ds.union(lhs, rhs)` and
+`ds.find(elem)`.
+
+[wiki]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint-set_data_structure
+
+<!--more-->
+
+## What does it do?
+
+The _Union-Find_ data structure allows one to store a collection of sets of
+elements, with operations for adding new sets, merging two sets into one, and
+finding the representative member of a set. Not only does it do all that, but it
+does it in almost constant (amortized) time!
+
+Here is a small motivating example for using the _Disjoint Set_ data structure:
+
+```python
+def connected_components(graph: Graph) -> list[set[Node]]:
+    # Initialize the disjoint set so that each node is in its own set
+    ds: DisjointSet[Node] = DisjointSet(graph.nodes)
+    # Each edge is a connection, merge both sides into the same set
+    for (start, dest) in graph.edges:
+        ds.union(start, dest)
+    # Connected components share the same (arbitrary) root
+    components: dict[Node, set[Node]] = defaultdict(set)
+    for n in graph.nodes:
+        components[ds.find(n)].add(n)
+    # Return a list of disjoint sets corresponding to each connected component
+    return list(components.values())
+```
+
+## Implementation
+
+I will show how to implement `UnionFind` for integers, though it can easily be
+extended to be used with arbitrary types (e.g: by mapping each element
+one-to-one to a distinct integer, or using a different set representation).
+
+### Representation
+
+Creating a new disjoint set is easy enough:
+
+```python
+class UnionFind:
+    _parent: list[int]
+    _rank: list[int]
+
+    def __init__(self, size: int):
+        # Each node is in its own set, making it its own parent...
+        self._parents = list(range(size))
+        # ... And its rank 0
+        self._rank = [0] * size
+```
+
+We represent each set through the `_parent` field: each element of the set is
+linked to its parent, until the root node which is its own parent. When first
+initializing the structure, each element is in its own set, so we initialize
+each element to be a root and make it its own parent (`_parent[i] == i` for all
+`i`).
+
+The `_rank` field is an optimization which we will touch on in a later section.
+
+### Find
+
+A naive Implementation of `find(...)` is simple enough to write:
+
+```python
+def find(self, elem: int) -> int:
+    # If `elem` is its own parent, then it is the root of the tree
+    if (parent: = self._parent[elem]) == elem:
+        return elem
+    # Otherwise, recurse on the parent
+    return self.find(parent)
+```
+
+However, going back up the chain of parents each time we want to find the root
+node (an `O(n)` operation) would make for disastrous performance. Instead we can
+do a small optimization called _path splitting.
+
+```python
+def find(self, elem: int) -> int:
+    while (parent: = self._parent[elem]) != elem:
+        # Replace each parent link by a link to the grand-parent
+        elem, self._parent[elem] = parent, self._parent[parent]
+    return elem
+```
+
+This flattens the links so that each node links directly to the root, making
+each subsequent `find(...)` constant time.
+
+Other compression schemes exist, along the spectrum between faster shortening
+the chain faster earlier, or updating `_parent` fewer times per `find(...)`.
+
+### Union
+
+A naive implementation of `union(...)` is simple enough to write:
+
+```python
+def union(self, lhs: int, rhs: int) -> int:
+    # Replace both element by their root parent
+    lhs = self.find(lhs)
+    rhs = self.find(rhs)
+    # arbitrarily merge one into the other
+    self._parent[rhs] = lhs
+    # Return the new root
+    return lhs
+```
+
+Once again, improvements can be made. Depending on the order in which we call
+`union(...)`, we might end up creating a long chain from the leaf of the tree to
+the root node, leading to slower `find(...)` operations. If at all possible, we
+would like to keep the trees as shallow as possible.
+
+To do so, we want to avoid merging taller trees into smaller ones, so as to keep
+them as balanced as possible. Since a higher tree will result in a slower
+`find(...)`, keeping the trees balanced will lead to increased performance.
+
+This is where the `_rank` field we mentioned earlier comes in: the _rank_ of an
+element is an upper bound on its height in the tree. By keeping track of this
+_approximate_ height, we can keep the trees balanced when merging them.
+
+```python
+def union(self, lhs: int, rhs: int) -> int:
+    lhs = self.find(lhs)
+    rhs = self.find(rhs)
+    # Always keep `lhs` as the taller tree
+    if (self._rank[lhs] < self._rank[rhs])
+        lhs, rhs = rhs, lhs
+    # Merge the smaller tree into the taller one
+    self._parent[rhs] = lhs
+    # Update the rank when merging trees of approximately the same size
+    if self._rank[lhs] == self._rank[rhs]:
+        self._rank[lhs] += 1
+    return lhs
+```